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Dowry System Essay Essays

Dowry System Essay Essays Dowry System Essay Essay Dowry System Essay Essay In India. dowery ( Hindi: . Daheja ) is the payment in hard currency or some sort of gifts given to a bridegroom’s household along with the bride. By and large. they include hard currency. jewelry. electrical contraptions. furniture. bedclothes. dishware. utensils and other family points that help the honeymooner set up her place. Marrying gifts of the boy of the imaum of Delhi India with soldiers and 2000 guests The dowery system is thought to set great fiscal load on the bride’s household. It has been cited as one of the grounds for households andwomen in India fall backing to arouse choice in favour of boies. This has distorted the sex ratio of India ( 940 females per 1000 males ) and may hold given rise to female foeticide. The payment of a dowery has been prohibited under The 1961 Dowry Prohibition Act in Indian civil jurisprudence and later by Sections 304B and 498a of the Indian Penal Code ( IPC ) . Contentss 1 Prevalence2 Laws3 Social factors4 Economic factors5 Domestic force5. 1 Physical maltreatment5. 2 Emotional maltreatment5. 3 Murder6 See besides7 Mentions8 External links PrevalenceThe tendencies sing dowery in India vary across the state. [ 6 ] Over the last few decennaries. there has been an ascertained passage from the brideprice system. where wealth flows from the groom to the bride’s household. to the dowery system where wealth flows in the opposite way. Harmonizing to surveies. countries in south India have traditionally practiced the brideprice system. even among upper castes. In the North. social differences in matrimony led upper castes to pattern a dowery system. while in lower categories brideprice was more common. Marrying Procession- Bride Under a Canopy with Gifts. Circa 1800 In the last 100 old ages. the dowery system has taken over the brideprice system. and the bing dowery system is going more entrenched in civilizations that have practiced it traditionally. Harmonizing to research. brideprice has been worsening since the beginning of the twentieth century. and today really small is still in pattern. Rather. dowery has been turning both in households take parting and in cost across India. Studies show there are besides fluctuations on dowery prevalence based on geographics and category. States in the North are more likely to take part in the dowery system among all categories. and dowery is more likely to be in the signifier of stuff and movable goods. [ 5 ] In the South. the brideprice system is still more likely. and is more frequently in the signifier of land. or other heritage goods. This system is tied to the societal construction of matrimony. which keeps matrimony indoors or near t o household dealingss. [ 5 ] Dowry besides varies by category. or caste. in India. Upper-class households are more likely to prosecute in the dowery system than the lower category. This could be in portion due to women’s economic exclusion from the labour market in upper categories. Laws See besides: Dowry jurisprudence in IndiaDowry became prohibited by jurisprudence in 1961 with the intent of forbiding the demanding. giving and taking of dowery. Although supplying dowery is illegal. it is still common in many parts of India for a hubby to seek a dowery from the wife’s household. in some instances taking to extortion or force against the married woman. To halt offenses of inhuman treatment by the hubby or his relations against the married woman. subdivision 498A was added to the Indian Penal Code and subdivision 198A to the Criminal Procedure Code in 1983. Section 498A has been criticised by many in India as being prone to misapply. The jurisprudence was challenged in tribunal. but upheld by the Supreme Court of India in 2005. Social factors Social alterations across clip have contributed to the modern dowery system in India. Some of the societal factors act uponing dowry include tradition. increased women’s rights. and the â€Å"marriage squeeze† . which is the deficit of eligible work forces for matrimony. Tradition is surely one account given by bookmans to turn to the prevailing dowery system. One facet of this is the construction and affinity of matrimony in parts of India. In the North. matrimony normally follows a patrilocal ( lives with husband’s household ) system. where the groom is a non-related member of the household. This system encourages dowry possibly due to the exclusion of the bride’s household after matrimony as a signifier of premortem heritage for the bride. In the South. matrimony is more frequently conducted within the bride’s household. for illustration with close relations or cross-cousins. and in a closer physical distance to her household. In add-on. brides m ay hold the ability to inherit land. which makes her more valuable in the matrimony. diminishing the opportunity of dowery over the bride monetary value system. In add-on to marriage imposts that may act upon dowery. societal imposts or rites. and parents outlooks of dowery are of import factors to see. Several surveies show that while attitudes of people are altering about dowery. the establishment has changed really small. and even continues to predominate. In a survey conducted by Rao ( 1980 ) . 75 % of pupils responded that dowery was non of import to marriage. but 40 % of their parents’ probably expected dowery. The societal and traditional influence on dowery is non to be neglected. While India has been doing advancement for women’s rights. adult females continue to be capable of their household and hubby. Women’s instruction. income. and wellness are some important factors that play into the dowery system. and for how much control a adult female has over her matrimony. Harmonizing to informations. India still limits women’s societal interactions. and restricts economic and societal rights. In add-on. the emphasis and fiscal load of the dowery system may take to son penchant. which can take to a skewed sex ratio ( see besides the economic factors an d domestic force subdivisions ) . Last. there is a strong statement given for the â€Å"marriage squeeze† tendency for dowery. This theory explains that increased birthrate coupled with reduced mortality has caused a deficit of eligible work forces has declined. raising the dependance on and cost of dowery. This increases women’s competition in the matrimony market. and decreases their value compared to other brides. unless dowery is competitory. Harmonizing to Rao ( 1993 ) . these conditions will be less critical as matrimony age additions for adult females. and force per unit area to happen a mate diminutions. Indian nuptialss can be munificent events that can last multiple yearss Economic factorsThere are many economic factors that contribute towards the system of dowery. Some of these include heritage systems and the bride’s economic position. Because female-based heritage was non legal in India until jurisprudence reforms in the fiftiess. dowery may hold begun as a signifier of legal heritage for girls. The system would give adult females economic and fiscal security in their matrimony in the signifier of movable goods. This helped forestall household wealth break-up and provided security to the bride at the same clip. This system can besides be used as a premorteminheritance. as one time a adult female is presented with movable gifts. she may be cut off from the household estate. The act of command farewell to one’s ain household members as the bride leaves her place and stairss into that of her husband’s is frequently an emotional one However. as the system evolved. dowery has become a greater fiscal load on the household. and can go forth households destitute based on the demands from the groom. Harmonizing to research done by Heyer ( 1992 ) and Srinivasan ( 2005 ) . the sum of gold demanded as dowery has increased from around five pavun ( 1 Pavun= 8 gms ) in 1930 to 100 or more pavun in 2000. The addition in dowery monetary values has huge deductions on households and on adult females in Indian society including physical and emotional maltreatment. slaying. and sex selective abortion and infanticide ( see # Domestic force subdivision ) . Another factor impacting dowery is the bride’s economic position. When a bride’s household is from a upper category ( or caste ) . the household is expected to pay more for her dowery. and suppl y a expansive show of wealth. This can be damaging to a bride’s nuptials chances if the household can non afford the dowery. and can take to some adult females either being forced into an unfavourable matrimony or non get marrieding at all. Womans in higher castes are besides sometimes non expected to lend financially to the household she enters. besides family work. which may do the prevalence of dowery over brideprice. Domestic force Dowry is considered a major subscriber towards observed force against adult females in India. Some of these offenses include physical force. emotional maltreatments. and even slaying of brides and misss. National Crime Records in India reported about 6. 000–7. 000 dowry-related deceases every twelvemonth and about 43. 000–50. 000 instances of mental and physical anguish over the old ages from 1999-2003. indicating that force and dowery are a serious national concern. Physical maltreatment Physical force against adult females has been a turning concern in India over the last few decennaries. Recently married adult females can be a mark for dowery related force. because she is tied economically and socially to her new hubby. As discussed in old subdivisions on societal and economic factors. dowery can sabotage the importance of adult females in society. which might take to farther domestic force. because dowery may lend to women’s inferior position in her household and in her civilization. In add-on. there are surveies bespeaking dowery as a menace. or hostage type state of affairs. in order to achieve greater financess from the bride’s household. This can be seen in immature ( and frequently pregnant ) brides. who are most vulnerable in the state of affairs. [ 16 ] This type of stuation can happen with the menace or happening of force. so that the bride’s household is left with no pick but to give more dowery to protect their girl. In these instanc es. the hubby and his household hold huge power. while the bride is left powerless ; this can take to slay and suicide. The countries of the greatest ascertained dowery related force is in the Indian statesof Haryana. Uttar Pradesh. and Bihar. Emotional maltreatment The impact of dowery can go forth a adult female helpless and desperate. which can conglomerate in emotional injury and maltreatment. Brides are frequently considered owned by their hubbies. and frequently have really small power in the matrimony. which can take to depression and self-destruction. Dowry reinforces these beliefs and is considered to intensify effects of emotional injury in a matrimony. Murder The system of dowery has besides been linked to slaying of immature brides. Physical maltreatments described above can besides ensue in slaying. These slayings can originate due to the fiscal demands from a hubby. or dissatisfaction of the bride from the groom’s household. In add-on. the construct of â€Å"Bride Burning† refers to the sacrificial slaying of a bride who is unsatisfactory to her hubby in the signifier of dowery. In these instances. the adult female is considered a forfeit to her hubby due to her insufficiency. and is glorified as an honest adult female. These instances reinforce the structured force against adult females. piece glorified as being â€Å"purer or more sacred than a dowry death† . In add-on to bride slaying. the establishment of dowery may besides reenforce sex-selective abortion and female infanticide. [ 14 ] Due to the societal and economic loads of dowery. households may take male childs over misss. so that they avoid effects of th e system. This so may beef up gendered force and discriminatory male intervention in society. There are Torahs like Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 that help to cut down domestic force and to protect women’s rights. Mentions 1. Jump up^ Godrej ‘Nupur Jagruti’- Dahej Ke Khilaf Ek Awaz 2. ^ Jump up to: a B degree Celsius Anderson. Siwan ( 2007 ) . â€Å"The Economicss of Dowry and Brideprice† . The Journal of Economic Positions 21 ( 4 ) : 151–174. doi:10. 1257/jep. 21. 4. 151. 3. ^ Jump up to: a B degree Celsius vitamin D vitamin E f g H Srinivasan. Sharada ( 2005 ) . â€Å"Daughters or Dowries? The Changing Nature of Dowry Practices in South India† . World Development 33 ( 4 ) : 593–615. doi:10. 1016/j. worlddev. 2004. 12. 003. 4. Jump up^ Census of India – India at a Glance: Sexual activity Ratio 5. ^ Jump up to: a B degree Celsius vitamin D vitamin E f g H one J K cubic decimeter m Dalmia. Sonia ; Pareena G. Lawrence ( 2005 ) . â€Å"The Institution of Dowry in India: Why It Continues to Prevail† . The Journal of Developing Areas 38 ( 2 ) : 71–93. doi:10. 1353/jda. 2005. 0018. 6. ^ Jump upto: a B degree Celsius vitamin D vitamin E f g H I Bha t. P. N. Mari ; Shiva S. Halli ( 1999 ) . â€Å"Demography of Brideprice and Dowry: Causes and Consequences of the Indian Marriage Squeeze. † . Population Studies 53 ( 2 ) : 129–148. doi:10. 1080/00324720308079. 7. ^ Jump up to: a B degree Celsius vitamin D vitamin E f Rao. V. ( 1993 ) . â€Å"Dowry ‘inflation’ in rural India: A statistical investigation† . Population Studies 47 ( 2 ) : 283–293. doi:10. 1080/0032472031000147016. 8. Jump up^ Hutton. J. H. ( 1963 ) . Caste in India: Its Nature. Function and Origins. Bombay: Oxford University Press. 9. Jump up^ Srinivas. M. N. ( 1989 ) . The Cohesive Role of Sanskritization and Other Essays. Delhi: Oxford University Press. 10. Jump up^ â€Å"Amend dowery jurisprudence to halt its abuse. SC tells govt† . The Times Of India. 2010-08-17. 11. Jump up^ â€Å"Sushil Kumar Sharma vs Union Of India And Ors on 19 July. 2005† . Indiankanoon. org. Retrieved 2013-02-18. 12. ^ Jump up to: a B K rishnaswamy. Saroja ( 1995 ) . â€Å"Dynamics of personal and societal factors act uponing the attitude of married and single working adult females towards dowry† . International Journal of Sociology of the Family 25 ( 1 ) : 31–42. 13. ^ Jump up to: a B degree Celsius vitamin D vitamin E f g Rao. V. V. Prakasa ; V. Nandini Rao ( 1980 ) . â€Å"The Dowry System In Indian Marriages: Attitudes. Expectations And Practices† . International Journal of Sociology of the Family 10 ( 1 ) : 99–113. 14. ^ Jump up to: a B degree Celsius vitamin D vitamin E f SRINIVASAN. SHARADA ; ARJUN S. BEDI ( 2007 ) . â€Å"Domestic Violence and Dowry: Evidence from a South Indian Village† . World Development 35 ( 5 ) : 857–880. doi:10. 1016/j. worlddev. 2006. 08. 005. 15. ^ Jump up to: a B degree Celsius Seager. Joni ( 2009 ) . The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. New York: Penguin Group. 16. ^ Jump up to: a B degree Celsius vitamin D vitamin E f g H I Teays. Wan da ( 1991 ) . â€Å"The Burning Bride: The Dowry Problem in India† . Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 7 ( 2 ) : 29–52. 17. ^ Jump up to: a B Srinivasan. Padma ; Gary R. Lee ( 2004 ) . â€Å"The Dowry System in Northern India: Women’s Attitudes and Social Change† . Journal of Marriage and Family 66 ( 5 ) : 1108–1117. doi:10. 1111/j. 0022-2445. 2004. 00081. ten. 18. ^ Jump up to: a B Bloch. Francis ; Vijayendra Rao ( 2002 ) . â€Å"Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case Study of Dowry Violence in Rural India† . The American Economic Review 92 ( 4 ) : 1029–1043. doi:10. 1257/00028280260344588. 19. ^ Jump up to: a B degree Celsius vitamin D vitamin E f g PRASAD. B. DEVI ( 1994 ) . â€Å"Dowry-Related Violence: A Contented Analysis of News in Selected Newspapers† . Journal of Comparative Family Studies 25 ( 1 ) : 71–89. 20. ^ Jump up to: a B Hackett. Michelle T. ( 2011 ) . â€Å"Domestic Violence against Women: Sta tistical Analysis of Crimes acrossIndia† . Journal of Comparative Family Studies 42 ( 2 ) : 267–288. External links [ edit ]

To Explore the Model of Future Intelligent Buildings via the 2010 Dissertation

To Explore the Model of Future Intelligent Buildings via the 2010 Shanghai World Expo - Dissertation Example Words fail me, suffice to say thank you. I am deeply indebted to Dr. Abbas Elmualim, Academic Supervisor who made this piece of academic work a reality through his invaluable guidance, his assistance is greatly appreciated. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the MSc. Intelligent Buildings lecturers as the knowledge I gained during the lectures is precious and an inheritance for life. My grateful appreciation and thanks are extended to the following people who contributed directly and indirectly to the completion of this work: Gulay Ozkan Maxwell Masuku Bekithemba Mpofu Andrew Fraser Prof. Derek J. Clements- Croome Prof. Kecheng Lui To Patty, Samantha and Richard l says thanks for all your understanding and love. Finally I am grateful for the contribution made by GOD who ensured that I complete this dissertation. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 1 Figure 1.2 Tomb of Cyrus 2 Figure 1.3. Sydney Opera House 2 Figure 1.4 Ostia Antee Roma 4 Figure 1.5 Pueblo Indian Dwelling 5 Figure 1.6 Frank L. Wright 6 Figure 1.7 La Sagtada Familia 8 Figure 1.8 La Sagtada Familia 8 Figure 1.9 La Sagtada Familia 9 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Generations of Intelligent Buildings .14 Table 2.2 Pathology 15 Table 2.3 Matrix Tools 24 Table 2.4 Performance Factors 26 Table 2.5 Matrix Tools Analysis 28 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii STATEMENT OF PERSONAL CONTRIBUTION iii PREFACE iv LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 History of Architecture 1 1.2 Apartments. 3 1.3 Elevators 5 1.4 Architects of the 20th Century 6 1.5 Antoni Gaudi 7 1.6 Pei `9 1.7Other Trendsetters 10 Conclusions 13 CHAPTER 2: INTELLIGENT...We try to estimate various tools and concepts that give rise to similar results. In the process the notion of cultural diversity and varying climatic condition and socio-economic back grounds are often over looked. Therefore, this paper makes a full-fledged attempt to try to analyze ways in which such innovative technology could be made universal to integrate well with varying socio-cultural and climatic challenges. In the process it tries to understand the basic concept of an intelligent building, its aims and objectives, the special attributes that makes the design unique and truly smart enough to integrate with the existing setup. To determine the actual usability and cultural generalizability of these intelligent buildings, the people who experienced either building them or working in them were interviewed. The results of these interviews are shared in this study. Maslow theorized that man (for the sake of brevity) has a hierarchy of needs that must be met before he can reach a level of self-actualization, creativity, self-expression, and a place in life whereby he is able to express himself using his full capabilities. These underling needs must be satisfied first include, among other things, safety, shelter, and belonging. It does not take must imagination to recognize that architecture succumbs to this same hierarchy—first, man built sturdy, safe dwellings that provided security against marauders and the elements.

Broadcast Radio Stations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Broadcast Radio Stations - Essay Example This paper will seek to provide the primary product or service of this business sector, ways of making money in this business, and explain how profitable this sector is. Additionally, the paper will also address the key corporations of this business, recent developments, and discuss the current prospects and direction of this business as well as include an overview of any other unique feature of this business. Primary service The primary product or service of broadcast radio stations today is listeners and the means of production owners. Research findings point out that, the main of broadcasting radio today is to communicate or rather air out issues to as many listeners as possible (Greb & Adams, 2003). This shows that acquiring the largest number of listeners is of paramount importance to broadcasting radios as of today (Slotten, 2009). This is because, if the number of prospective listeners of a particular broadcasting radio station is high, its demand for commercials is also high. Generally, having a huge volume of listeners dictates a radio station’s demand in the market given the fact that prospective clients opt for widely listened broadcasting radio stations (Sickles, 2008). The sector’s money generation Every business has ways in which it generates income. However, the case with radio station is a bit complex. Studies show that, most of the money obtained by broadcasting radio stations comes from advertisements (Enrique, 2008). When different companies and organizations as well as other parties come to realize that a certain broadcasting radio station has a huge following in terms of listeners, then these companies choose to advertise with that particular radio station. As such, when these companies or rather clients bring their advertisements, the radio station charges them (Sickles, 2008). Bear in mind that the common aim of these advertisements is to encourage those listening to buy the advertised product more. Apart from advertisements , radio stations also make money through announcements. These announcements could be mainly about certain messages or meetings whose aim is to reach masses. Radio stations charges these announcements with regard to the amount of the required airing time and the frequency with which to be repeated. Therefore, by charging companies for their advertisements and charging special announcements, radio stations generate money (Greb & Adams, 2003). Profitability It is understandable that this sector of telecommunication is indeed profitable. Nevertheless, many people fail to understand how broadcasting radio stations make profits. As explained, the demand for a radio station is high if it has the largest number of listeners and in this way, it gets to make its money (Ickes, 2006). Similarly, the level of profits of a radio station relies heavily on the number of listeners that it has. Observations have indicated that, radios stations with the highest number of listeners make huge profits ma inly because their demand is high (Sickles, 2008). Generally, companies and other radio station’s clients seek to make their advertisements and announcements through the most listened radio station. With that respect, radio stations that meet this requirement make huge profits, as the number of advertisements and announcements is always high (Enrique, 2008). Thus, it is agreeable that this sector of business generates very high profits but the level of these profits profoundly

The HR Director - about JAL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

The HR Director - about JAL - Essay Example I would appreciate if the JAL and IASCO workers could come up to me and share with me what they feel about the entire working regime in place and how they can contribute towards a changing climate. This would put an end to the acrimony which has arisen within the JAL umbrella and which needs to be taken care of at the very earliest (Tomei 2003). The organizational fabric is getting hurt and this cannot be tolerated at all. So it is in the best interest of the organization to keep away those factors which are creating some form of nuisance and find a way to deal with him in a very strict and harsh way. On the same token, all out efforts would be made to ensure that there are no problems left at the end, so that the JAL employees and the IASCO workers could take a sigh of relief. The tension thus existent could be thwarted if I am steadfast in my approach to resolve all disputes and if I am geared to meet these problems in a head on manner, which I shall promise to do with all my faith and conviction. I believe the business is going wrong because there is no set philosophy of the work as such. The employees are uncertain about their jobs and some of them think of the other clan as the inferiority group, which is abysmal to state the least. I would take notice of this in a very strict way because at the end of the day, each employee there is meant to attend work so that they can give their best, and not to indulge in petty issues and fights. My aim is to address these matters because these mean a lot for the sake of the organization and which is in essence hurting the cause of JAL as a single unit. The business is also going wrong because no one is paying attention at the moment, and much care has to be brought in within the related equation. At the beginning of my term, I would make it clear that discipline would rule the roost because it is the only thing that unifies the organization as a single entity. If the employees are disciplined enough to understand that their organizational basis depends on their courteous behaviors and actions, the organization shall return the favor to them as well.  

Sin in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter

Sin in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Introduction Born on 4th July, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, Nathaniel Hawthorne established himself as one of the greatest American writer. He is best known for his short stories, most of which were written between 1825- 1850, and two of his famous novels which brought to him international fame- The Scarlet Letter (mid-march 1850) and The House of Seven Gables (1851). He seems to be surrounded by history, all his life. His ancestors were the notorious Puritans. He was a part of the circle that included scholars and philosophers like Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and future President Franklin Pierce. His books’ rave reviews were written by Edgar Allen Poe. He was a shy, rarely socializing with people except with his wife Sophia. He thought of himself as too much of a realist. Hawthorne’s work was often set in or around the Puritan New England towns of Salem and Concord highlighting the hypocrisy, sin and corruption. He came from a distinguished Puritan family which had played an active role in the history of Massachusetts. His works threw light on the darker side of human nature, which he preferred to address as ‘romance’ as it showed the ‘depths of human nature’. To him, romance meant confronting the reality and not evading it. He dealt with the idea that human nature is fundamentally flawed. It was Hawthorne’s appreciable talent that he conveyed his pessimistic view on life through a story that attracted readers with its power and truth. Hawthorne worked as the surveyor of customs in the port of Salem from 1846-49. In 1853, President Pierce appointed Hawthorne to a four-year term as US consulate in Liverpool, England. 1857 onwards, Hawthorne resided in Italy and again in England before returning to Concord in 1860. Hawthorne’s last years were unrelieved from gloom and despondency financially, and after four years following his return to America, he died while on an expedition with his friend and mentor, Franklin Pierce, on 19 May, 1864, at Plymouth, New Hampshire. The Scarlet Letter was Hawthorne’s first full-length story if we ignore the earlier failure- Fanshawe (1828). It was his first full-length story, and yet, superior to any full-length story that he later wrote. The Scarlet Letter was a Declaration of American Literary Independence. The Scarlet Letter opens up with a long introduction named â€Å"Custom House†. In this, Hawthorne has written a partial autobiographical sketch covering three years of his life as surveyor in the Salem custom-house (1846-49). Hawthorne begins the custom-house introduction by requesting the reader to bear with his writing skills. He tells us about himself his post because he feels the need to explain how the following pages of the Scarlet Letter came to be written. He only considers himself an editor claims that he has only given the story a few extra touches to give as real a picture of the 17th century Puritan New England society as was possible for him. Salem is Hawthorne’s native town which he confesses that he loves only when he goes away from it. This is the place where his original ancestor William Hawthorne came nearly two a quarter centuries ago. In Salem, William’s descendants have been born have died. Salem has been the focal center of the Hawthorne’s. He then mentions the sea going tradition for over a hundred years in his family. Later, Hawthorne talks about his return to Salem where he was given the job in custom-house. He then gives us a pen sketch of the venerable old officials of the custom-house. Climax of the custom-house introduction talks about its second story which was a large room in which the brick work the beams have never been covered with plasters which was left as it was when the port was shifted from Salem to Boston. In this room, in the midst of other rubbish, Hawthorne found a bundle with a rag of cloth on which the letter A was embroided. With this cloth was a document written by surveyor Pue, his predecessor, which told the history of the scarlet letter and its bearer Hester. When Hawthorne lost his customs post, he determined to write a fictional account of the events recorded in the manuscript. The Scarlet Letter is the outcome. The story begins in seventeenth-century Boston, then a Puritan settlement. A great scholar of advanced age named Roger sends his young wife Hester Prynne to a small village in Boston for buying a house intended to follow her. But he was detained by Red Indians for two years. After the completion of two years of imprisonment when he comes to Boston, he finds that the crowd of Boston was waiting before the gate of the local prison. Soon the gate opened his wife Hester comes out with a child of 3 months in her arms. She was charged with the sin of adultery. The magistrates ordered her to stand at a raised platform in the market place wear the stigma (mark of disgrace) of the scarlet letter ‘A’ (adulterous). The Puritan Boston followed morality strictly for them violation of morality was as good as violation of law. Adultery was punishable with death. The magistrates had taken pity on the young woman allowed her to live but she was to wear the ‘A’ as a mark of social disgrace. She was asked to give the name of sinner but she refused was ready to face the agony all alone. She was sent back to the prison. While standing on the platform in the market place, Hester recognised her husband in the crowd. Her husband visited her in the prison as a physician to cure her her child from pain restlessness. Hester was shocked thought that to seek revenge he will kill the child as well as her. But he told her that he had no such intention. It was his mistake to marry a young beautiful girl in advanced age for that he would forgive her. But he could not forgive the sinner who had wronged both of them. So he wanted her to give him his identity disclose the name of the sinner. But s he told that she could not oblige him. He told Hester that in that case he would find him on his own as he searched truth in books. He told her that he wanted to keep his identity disclosed. Hester swore he assumed a new name Roger Chillingworth. Roger was a great scholar of physics and during his captivity with Red Indians, he studied several herbs which could cure human ailments. Boston needed such a physician and he establishes himself in the town and big or small took him as a boon to the Puritan community of the town. Father Arthur Dimmesdale was a young and popular priest of the town. He was a religious man and considered by the people as a true soul. His sermons were popular and praised by people of the entire area. He always kept his heart protected by a piece of cloth his right hand. In course of time he began to feel the pain his health deteriorated. Chillingworth befriended him started giving him medical treatment. As his condition worsened it was considered proper that the physician Dimmesdale should live together so that Dr. Roger could properly diagnose. In course of observation Roger comes to the conclusion that the ailment was concerned with the spirit of the clergyman so he requested him to allow him to examine his spirit soul. The priest objected told him that human soul was God’s concern; hence he won’t allow a man to stand between his soul God. Dr. Roger gets suspicious one day he enters his room when he was asleep examines his heart. It gave him devilish pleasure for he had seen the secret scarlet letter ‘A’ on his chest found the sinner. He subjects him to mental torture the priest was virtually driven to madness. Hester cannot tolerate the agony of Dimmesdale informs him that his friend was his enemy. She reveals that Roger was her husband. He was only planning Dimmesdale’s ruin for revenge. She asks the priest to escape from that place. By this time, Hester Arthur’s daughter Pearl has grown up as a seven years old child. For the sake of the daughter, Dimmesdale first refused to escape but then agreed to her plan. Roger comes to know about their plan. The health of the priest was causing anxiety to him day-by-day. On the Election Day the town crowd was to be seen in the streets a procession was arranged. Arthur was called upon to give his last sermon to the people. While going to the market place he stops near the same raised platform where seven year ago Hester was humiliated publically. He asked Hester Pearl to help him reach the platform. He impulsively climbs up the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the ‘A’ seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead, as Pearl kisses him. Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows about them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resume her charitable work. She sometime receives letters from Pearl, who has settled with a European aristocrat. When Hester dies, she is buried next to Arthur. The two share a single tombstone, which bears a scarlet ‘A’. Chapter- II The Psychology of Sin The story of The Scarlet Letter is a display of how the American Puritan society was then. According to that Puritan society Hester has sinned unredeemable sin and thus she was punished and had to wear her badge of shame which will remind her of her guilt. Also the presence of her daughter, the result of this sin will make her realize of her guilt. The puritan society asserts its authority over the individual conscience by forcing Hester to accept her punishment. But who gave this right to the society to judge whether Hester was a sinner or not? Hester herself had developed a sympathetic intuition about sinners in Boston and that she could understand sinfulness in people in whom it was to be the least expected. At the beginning of the story, it is the most frustrated people who are the most outspoken critics of Hester. It shows that a Boston Puritan Society that is not capable of judging Hester because all its members are sinful in one way or the other. Hester was in a position in which she may have offended a social or moral code but so have the others, like Dimmesdale, Chillingworth, Bellingham and other unnamed people. Therefore, if a whole society is corrupt or sinful, the individual whose conscience makes him do his penance is sensitive to morality and he has his own personal morality as against the morality of a whole society. In chapter XIV, when Chillingworth tells Hester that the Puritans are planning to ask her not to wear the scarlet letter any longer, she says that it is not for the community to decide when to abate her punishment which is as mental and psychological as it is social. She may still wear the letter â€Å"A†, but the meaning of the word has now changed from â€Å"Adulteress† to â€Å"Able† or â€Å"Angel†. With her patience, courage, and humility, allied to good deeds, Hester proves that she is as good as anybody else. She has been true to her own self-ordained punishment. She is the one who feels her sin both through the scarlet letter and the child Pearl, but she never tortures herself as Dimmesdale does. Hester may be was afraid of the criticism received from her husband as well as from the society and this implies that somewhere or the other she was accepting herself as a sinner in her mind. But then she has a private morality which is not inferior to the social morality of the Puritans. Puritan society of Boston was a theocracy; it was a religious as well as a political organization. Those individuals who defied or contradict the norms of the society were seen as a threat as they might cause anarchy in the society which itself was trying to adjust itself in a new country in which there was danger from the Red Indians, the Spaniards and from the Nature. The crime that Hester has committed is over before the story in The Scarlet Letter begins. In this sense, The Scarlet Letter thus, deals not with the crime and punishment of the sin but with the effect of a particular sin on a group of people, be it a psychological, social or political effect. Externally the punishment of Hester and Dimmesdale is symbolized by the instrument of society- the prison-house, the pillory, the scaffold, the pulpit, the scarlet letter- but internally, that is, psychologically the punishment is a matter of the individual conscience. Hester suffers internally and in order to accept her punishm ent internally and spiritually she refuses to give up on both Pearl and the scarlet letter. This shows her willingness to correct herself by accepting the trivial punishment given by the society. Dimmesdale also suffers with terrible agony in secrecy. His tormented conscience forces him to devise ways and means to play out his punishment in private. He keeps vigil, fasts and whips himself. His habit of covering his heart with his hand signifies his silent confession of him being a sinner. The question of sin and redemption is not a social but a religious question. The tragedy happened with both the characters is not only a legal punishment sanctioned by their Puritan society, but also a punishment much worse than that as their consciences prick them always. They may be the criminals by the standards of the Boston Puritans, but they basically think of themselves as â€Å"sinners†, that is, alienated from â€Å"God† or â€Å"conscience†. Crime and punishment are, therefore only an external cause and effect; while sin and regeneration are internal convictions, a psychological state. The scarlet letter as well as the Pearl, both are the symbols of her sin and these two helped her rather assisted her in achieving redemption, if not in the eyes of the society then at least in the eyes of God. Hester triumphs over her fate with her goodness and resolve. In this sense, she achieves a spiritual victory over her society. Dimmesdale also passes through a sim ilar crisis. He does not suffer publicly as a criminal, but his raw conscience chafes him into constant self-torment through self-laceration and mortification. Conclusion From numerous points of view Dimmesdale endures the most in all angles. His brain is always considering his transgression and its outcomes and it appears that he is never free from the mental impacts of his wrongdoing. He contemplates it relentlessly and even joins his sentiments into his sermons so others can impart (yet unwittingly) in his transgression and inward torment. Like Hester, he is continually battling with his considerations. While it is clear that he is experiencing the impacts of his concealed sin in his psyche, his body additionally starts to hold up under the load also. Aside from the way that he excessively bears a letter of his own toward the end, physically, his body starts to demonstrate the impacts of sin as he develops weaker. His structure developed more anorexic; his voice, however still rich and sweet, had a certain despairing prediction of rot in it; he was frequently seen, on any sight alert or sudden mischance, to put his hand over his heart, with first a flush and afterward a whiteness, characteristic of ache. While this is a physical appearance of his blame and inward turmoil, the way that he develops ever more slender is huge in light of the fact that it is typical of his spirit being tormented also. His spirit is constantly emptied and he thinks of it as degenerate in light of his transgression. Thus he is similar to an empty man; both inside and as far as how he looks. Dissimilar to Hester and Chillingworth, he feels that the greatest issue identified with his wrong doing is the impact on his interminable soul. The way that Dimmesdale passes on toward the end of the story makes it clear that he was enduring significantly more than either Hester or Roger Chillingworth. While Roger bites the dust as well, it is more in light of annihilation instead of the sharp internal torment the clergyman feels. He was being expended, as a main priority, body, and soul by the impacts of sin since he was not able to be similar to Hester and Rog er and acknowledge his wrongdoing for what it was, in spite of the torment it may in some cases cause. Hester and Dimmesdale are disconnected as a result of the first sin, Chillingworth by the yearning for retribution in his heart, and Pearl in light of the fact that her elfin-like nature and her steady antagonism at the town kids who fake at and deride her mother. Every one of them is a social outsider, living in an universe of his or her with the barest correspondence with the outside world. However this detachment is not without its specialist preferences For Hesters situation, her Isolation is her emblem of disgrace. The Scarlet letter removes her from others. In any case it helps her ethical and mental development. She transcends her division from society by great deeds and the camaraderie of hopeless individuals. For Dimmesdales situation, his affectability to his transgression makes him aware of his unworthiness to lead his clock. It prompts private enduring and torment. He feels suffocated in this natures domain, yet is so frail it is not possible attempt to receive in return. Passing is his just deliverance. Chillingworths separation is basically the seclusion of an individual who has been wronged by his wife and his quest for retribution. He has damaged the holiness of the human heart both on account of Hester and Dimmesdale. This prompts his profound seclusion and passing. Individuals see the Devil incarnate in the hunchbacked doctor. Pearl is a free soul, excessively whimsical to be secured to anything. This is her separation. She is a friendless youngster who plays with soulless items or with creatures, streams and blooms a casualty of the transgression of her guardians and, the severity of the Puritan culture. Inevitably she symbolizes just beam of trust and leaves the settlement for greener pastures where she settles down. None of the fundamental characters in The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne have the capacity be totally free from the impacts of sin. While they each one arrangement with the outcomes of sin in diverse courses, none of them ever still appear ready to completely accommodate themselves with their transgression. Hester does in the end proceed onward and Pearl turns into a win yet there is still a shadow over her. Her life would have been totally diverse in the event if she had not decided to stay in a town that had denounced her generally as Chillingworth and Roger may not have passed on if they could have made peace with their transgression and existed in an unexpected way. The issue of sin is at the heart of this novel and through these three principle characters it is conceivable to see what the impacts of sin can be and what the result of living with it may be.

Technology & Business Essay -- essays research papers

Preliminary draft of Q1: The Internet has opened up a range of new marketing opportunities for the commerce world. A wide range of advertisement options are available: Banner ads Text ads Popups Targeted ads The last is of particular interest because it can provide advertisements targeted at the location of the user (country, town etc). Take this example: Your business has a small advertising budget and you want to do some Internet advertising. Every click your ad gets, that costs you money. Say you only operate in Masterton, do you want people from Auckland or USA to see your ads and click on them, hence costing you money? Internet advertising is much cheaper than TV marketing. The bid for a 30 second advertising slot in the Superbowl went for a record 2.4 million dollars. Most Internet Advertising agents do not charge you for the amount of times your ad is viewed, but by the amount of people who click on it, this makes it much cheaper than TV advertising. Google Adsense program uses an advanced computer program to analyze the content of the page and deliver ads relevant to the page content. For example: Your looking at a page reviewing books, the targeted ads will show bookstores in your area. http://www.gaebler.com/Television-Advertising-Costs.htm https://adwords.google.com/select/main?cmd=Login&sourceid=AWO&subid=US-ET-ADS&hl=en_US https://www.google.com/adsense/?sourceid=aso&subid=ww-et-awhomegap&hl=en_US Preliminary draft of Q2: Since the...